Abstract The East Antarctic Ice Sheet contains the vast majority of Earth's glacier ice (about
52 metres sea-level equivalent), but is often viewed as less vulnerable to global warming …

Abstract The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is the leading mode of extratropical Southern
Hemisphere climate variability, associated with changes in the strength and position of the …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

Quantifying changes in Earth's ice sheets and identifying the climate drivers are central to
improving sea level projections. We provide unified estimates of grounded and floating ice …

The Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) is sensitive to short‐term extreme meteorological events that
can leave long‐term impacts on the continent's surface mass balance (SMB). We investigate …

The variability of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets occurs on various timescales and is
important for projections of sea level rise; however, there are substantial uncertainties …

Surface mass balance (SMB) provides mass input to the surface of the Antarctic and
Greenland Ice Sheets and therefore comprises an important control on ice sheet mass …

The Antarctic Ice Sheet is losing mass at an accelerating pace, and ice loss will likely
continue over the coming decades and centuries. Some regions of the ice sheet may reach …

Mass loss from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is dominated by glaciers draining into the
Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE), yet the impact of anomalous precipitation on the mass …