Fossil pollen records are well-established indicators of past vegetation changes. The
prevalence of pollen across environmental settings including lakes, wetlands, and marine …

All ecosystems are exposed to gradual changes in climate, nutrient loading, habitat
fragmentation or biotic exploitation. Nature is usually assumed to respond to gradual change …

During the “Green Sahara” period (11,000 to 5000 years before the present), the Sahara
desert received high amounts of rainfall, supporting diverse vegetation, permanent lakes …

This report is the first complete assessment of the science of climate change since Working
Group I (WGI) of the IPCC produced its second report Climate Change 1995: The Science of …

How do we explain the remarkably abrupt changes that sometimes occur in nature and
society--and can we predict why and when they happen? This book offers a comprehensive …

The last 6000years are of particular interest to the understanding of the Earth System
because the boundary conditions of the climate system did not change dramatically (in …

A detailed (ca. 100yr resolution) and well-dated (18 AMS 14C dates to 23 cal. ka BP) record
of latest Pleistocene–Holocene variations in terrigenous (eolian) sediment deposition at …

East African landscapes today are the result of the cumulative effects of climate and land-
use change over millennial timescales. In this review, we compile archaeological and …

The Holocene thermal maximum, a period of global warmth evident in early to mid-Holocene
proxy reconstructions, is controversial. Most model simulations of the Holocene have not …

The prehistory of African trypanosomiasis indicates that the disease may have been an
important selective factor in the evolution of hominids. Ancient history and medieval history …