Both neurons and glia communicate via diffusible neuromodulatory substances, but the
substrates of computation in such neuromodulatory networks are unclear. During behavioral …

Tinnitus is correlated with anomalies of neural plasticity and has been found to be affected
by inflammatory status. The current theories on tinnitus, although still somewhat incomplete …

Early-life stress can have lifelong consequences, enhancing stress susceptibility and
resulting in behavioural and cognitive deficits. While the effects of early-life stress on …

Astrocytes from different brain regions respond with Ca2+ elevations to the catecholamine
norepinephrine (NE). However, whether this noradrenergic-mediated signaling is present in …

Abstract Aim Octopamine in the Drosophila brain has a neuromodulatory role similar to that
of noradrenaline in mammals. After release from Tdc2 neurons, octopamine/tyramine may …

Updating behavior based on feedback from the environment is a crucial means by which
organisms learn and develop optimal behavioral strategies1–3. Norepinephrine (NE) …

Background Early-life stress can have lifelong consequences, enhancing stress
susceptibility and resulting in behavioral and cognitive deficits. While the effects of early-life …

As animals adapt to new situations, neuromodulation is a potent way to alter behavior, yet
mechanisms by which neuromodulatory nuclei compute during behavior are underexplored …

The dorsal hippocampus is a heterogeneous structure with numerous cell types involved in
generating and maintaining detailed representations of space and time. Prior work has …

Finely tuned arousal control is required for animal survival. To catch food, a predatory
animal is keenly attentive on a hunt, and to survive, prey is acutely vigilant. These critical …