Post-translational modifications (PTMs) can occur on specific amino acids localized within
regulatory domains of target proteins, which control a protein's stability. These regions …

Plague is a vector-borne disease caused by Yersinia pestis. Transmitted by fleas from
rodent reservoirs, Y. pestis emerged< 6000 years ago from an enteric bacterial ancestor …

Assessing posttranslational modification (PTM) patterns within protein molecules and
reading their functional implications present grand challenges for plant biology. We combine …

Cytokines activate or inhibit immune cell behavior and are thus integral to all immune
responses. IL-1α and IL-1β are powerful apical cytokines that instigate multiple downstream …

NF-κB was first described as a B-cell-specific transcription factor that binds the κB site in the
Ig κ light chain enhancer. Soon after, NF-κB activity was found to be inducible in all cell types …

The choice between life and death is one of the major events in regulation of the immune
system. T cells that specifically recognize viral or bacterial antigens are selected to survive …

Protein modification by chemical reagents has played an essential role in the treatment of
human diseases. However, the reagents currently used are limited to the covalent …

Although adaptive immunity is unique to vertebrates, the innate immune response seems to
have ancient origins. Common features of innate immunity in vertebrates, invertebrate …

The phagocytic response of innate immune cells such as macrophages is defined by the
activation of complex signaling networks that are stimulated by microbial contact. Many …

Plant pathogenic bacteria of the genus Xanthomonas cause a variety of diseases in
economically important monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous crop plants worldwide …