Organic syntheses are composed of two main types of reactions: Carbon-carbon bond
formations and functional group transformations. CC bond formation is the essence of …

The use of water as solvent features many benefits such as improving reactivities and
selectivities, simplifying the workup procedures, enabling the recycling of the catalyst and …

Many organic chemists, myself included, will remember being told in early undergraduate
years “in organic synthesis water is a contaminant”. From the very beginning it was made …

Water is the solvent used by nature for biological chemistry. Considering the enormous
variety of biological organic synthetic pathways and the complicated molecular structures …

In nature, chemical conversions take place in a confined environment and are closely
geared to each other such that the product of one reaction is the substrate or catalyst of the …

Solid acid catalysts have served as important functional materials for the petroleum refinery
industry, such as in the cracking processes, and for the production of chemicals. 1 At …

Pickering emulsions are surfactant‐free dispersions of two immiscible fluids that are
kinetically stabilized by colloidal particles. For ecological reasons, these systems have …

The notion of “green chemistry” has encouraged even synthetic organic chemists to include
water as a solvent. Incredible selectivities and activities can be achieved through the …

New types of Lewis acids as water-compatible catalysts have been developed. Various
metal salts were found to work as Lewis acid catalysts in aqueous media, and catalytic …

Protocells at life's origin are often conceived as bilayer-enclosed precursors of life, whose
self-reproduction rests on the early advent of replicating catalytic biopolymers. This …