Drug addiction represents a dramatic dysregulation of motivational circuits that is caused by
a combination of exaggerated incentive salience and habit formation, reward deficits and …

There is increasing interest among functional neurosurgeons in the potential for novel
therapies to impact upon diseases beyond movement disorders and pain. A target of …

The mesocorticolimbic pathway is canonically known as the" reward pathway." Embedded
within the center of this circuit is the striatum, a massive and complex network hub that …

What is the defining property of addiction? We dust off a several-decades-long debate about
the relative importance of two forms of reinforcement—positive reinforcement, subjectively …

Emotions are “feeling” states and classic physiological emotive responses that are
interpreted based on the history of the organism and the context. Motivation is a persistent …

Elucidating the roles of neuronal cell types for physiology and behavior is essential for
understanding brain functions. Perturbation of neuron electrical activity can be used to probe …

Recombinant viruses are the workhorse of modern neuroscience. Whether one would like to
understand a neuron's morphology, natural activity patterns, molecular composition …

Drug addiction has been conceptualized as a chronically relapsing disorder of compulsive
drug seeking and taking that progresses through three stages: binge/intoxication …

Opioid use kills tens of thousands of Americans each year, devastates families and entire
communities, and cripples the health care system. Exposure to opioids causes long-term …

Investigations of long-term changes in brain structure and function that accompany chronic
exposure to drugs of abuse suggest that alterations in gene regulation contribute …