Secondary aquatic adaptations evolved independently more than 30 times from terrestrial
vertebrate ancestors,. For decades, non-avian dinosaurs were believed to be an exception …

Isolated theropod teeth are some of the most common fossils in the dinosaur fossil record
and are continually reported in the literature. Recently developed quantitative methods have …

There is a long tradition of indirectly inferring feeding in fossil and Recent vertebrates from
the functional morphology of bones and teeth. However, some trace fossils provide direct …

Giant carnivorous dinosaurs such as Tyrannosaurus rex and abelisaurids are characterized
by highly reduced forelimbs that stand in contrast to their huge dimensions, massive skulls …

Locomotion has influenced the ecology, evolution, and extinction of species throughout
history, yet studying locomotion in the fossil record is challenging. Computational …

The defining masterwork on the evolution of reptiles. Over 300 million years ago, an early
land vertebrate developed an egg that contained the embryo in an amnion, allowing it to be …

The last two decades have seen a remarkable increase in the known diversity of basal
avialans and their paravian relatives. The lack of resolution in the relationships of these …

Summary The importance of adaptation [1–4] versus organizational constraints [5–7] in
sha** common macroevolutionary trends remains unclear [8]. The fossil record is key to …

This chapter will cover clade definitions, the relationships within clades as well as the
occasional controversial relationships between different clades. Phylogenies arising from a …

Theropod dinosaurs underwent some of the most remarkable dietary changes in vertebrate
evolutionary history, shifting from ancestral carnivory 1–3 to hypercarnivory 4, 5 and …