The challenges for sustainable cities to protect the environment, ensure economic growth,
and maintain social justice have been widely recognized. Along with the digitization …

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) refer to systems that integrate communication, control, and
computational elements into physical processes to facilitate the control of physical systems …

For the better part of the 20th century pedologists mapped soil by drawing boundaries
between different classes of soil which they identified from survey on foot or by vehicle …

This paper is a methodological guide to using machine learning in the spatial context. It
provides an overview of the existing spatial toolbox proposed in the literature: unsupervised …

The development of the “causal” forest by Wager and Athey (J Am Stat Assoc 113 (523):
1228–1242,) represents a significant advance in the area of explanatory/causal machine …

Food demand is expected to rise significantly by 2050 due to the increase in population;
additionally, receding water levels, climate change, and a decrease in the amount of …

Deriving the thematic accuracy of models is a fundamental part of image classification
analyses. K-fold cross-validation (KCV), as an accuracy assessment technique, can be …

With the increase in climate-change-related hazardous events alongside population
concentration in urban centres, it is important to provide resilient cities with tools for …

Cropland soil organic matter (SOM) is recognized as a significant carbon reservoir in
terrestrial ecosystems. Digital map** of SOM in croplands is essential for comprehending …

In geospatial applications such as urban planning and land use management, automatic
detection and classification of earth objects are essential and primary subjects. When the …