Prey seldom rely on a single type of antipredator defence, often using multiple defences to
avoid predation. In many cases, selection in different contexts may favour the evolution of …

Deimatic behaviours, also referred to as startle behaviours, are used against predators and
rivals. Although many are spectacular, their proximate and ultimate causes remain unclear …

The initial evolution of warning signals in unprofitable prey, termed aposematism, is often
seen as a paradox because any new conspicuous mutant would be easier to detect than its …

Motion is a crucial part of the natural world, yet our understanding of how animals avoid
predation whilst moving remains rather limited. Although several theories have been …

The coleoid cephalopods (cuttlefish, octopus, and squid) are a group of soft-bodied mollusks
that exhibit a wealth of complex behaviors, including dynamic camouflage, object mimicry …

The insect order Phasmatodea is known for large slender insects masquerading as twigs or
bark. In contrast to these so-called stick insects, the subordinated clade of leaf insects …

Aposematic coloration is commonly considered to signal unpalatability, yet animals
advertise malodour, spines, and weaponry as well as toxins, some of which can be seen at a …

Antipredator strategies of the pupal stage in insects have received little attention in
comparison to larval or adult stages. This is despite the fact that predation risk can be high …

Prey animals have evolved a wide variety of behaviours to combat the threat of predation,
and these have been generally well studied. However, one of the most common and …

Insect defense sounds have been reported for centuries. Yet, aside from the well-studied
anti-bat sounds of tiger moths, little is understood about the occurrence, function, and …