Chemotherapeutics are the most effective treatment for metastatic tumours. However, the
ability of cancer cells to become simultaneously resistant to different drugs—a trait known as …

Many tumor cells become resistant to commonly used cytotoxic drugs due to the
overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, namely P-glycoprotein (P-gp) …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) serves as a protective mechanism for the brain by preventing
entry of potentially harmful substances from free access to the central nervous system …

Resistance to chemotherapeutic agents is a significant issue in the management of patients
with breast cancer. Anthracyclines, although first used over 30 years ago, are still part of the …

The development of drug resistance continues to be a dominant hindrance toward curative
cancer treatment. Overexpression of a wide-spectrum of ATP-dependent efflux pumps, and …

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant clonal neoplasm of plasma cells of B-lymphocyte
origin that commonly results in overproduction of large amounts of monoclonal …

Multidrug resistance (MDR), whereby tumor cells simultaneously possess intrinsic or
acquired cross-resistance to diverse chemotherapeutic agents, hampers the effective …

Chemotherapeutics are the mainstay treatment for metastatic breast cancers. However, the
chemotherapeutic failure caused by multidrug resistance (MDR) remains a pivotal obstacle …

For cytotoxic agents to have an effect on tumor cells, drugs must first be transported into the
cell, potentially be metabolized to an active form, and interact appropriately with target …

PET is a unique form of diagnostic imaging that observes in vivo biologic changes using
radiopharmaceuticals that closely mimic endogenous molecules. 18F-FDG, which allows the …