Having a hypoxic microenvironment is a common and salient feature of most solid tumors.
Hypoxia has a profound effect on the biological behavior and malignant phenotype of …

Mitochondria are structurally and functionally distinct organelles that produce adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), to provide energy to …

Emerging evidence now indicates that mitochondria are central regulators of neural stem
cell (NSC) fate decisions and are crucial for both neurodevelopment and adult …

The mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) irreversibly decarboxylates
pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A, thereby linking glycolysis to the tricarboxylic acid cycle and …

The extensive oxygen gradient between the air we breathe (Po2~ 21 kPa) and its ultimate
distribution within mitochondria (as low as~ 0.5–1 kPa) is testament to the efforts expended …

Memories can be unreliable. We created a false memory in mice by optogenetically
manipulating memory engram–bearing cells in the hippocampus. Dentate gyrus (DG) or …

Immunotherapy can lead to long-term survival for some cancer patients, yet generalized
success has been hampered by insufficient antigen presentation and exclusion of …

Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are characterized by their unique capacity for both unlimited
self-renewal and their potential to differentiate to all cell lineages contained within the three …

Oxygen (O 2) is an essential nutrient that serves as a key substrate in cellular metabolism
and bioenergetics. In a variety of physiological and pathological states, organisms …

Clinical application of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is limited by the low efficiency
of iPSC derivation and the fact that most protocols modify the genome to effect cellular …