Agroforestry has been proposed as a sustainable agricultural system over conventional
agriculture and forestry, conserving biodiversity and enhancing ecosystem service provision …

Agroforestry (AF) has become an important strategy in reconciling the contradictory
requirements of environmental protection and economic development in ecologically fragile …

Highlights•Multifunctional rural development (MRD) is of paramount significance for rural
sustainability.•Conceptual framework and assessment basis of MRD are established.•Spatio …

An accurate and objective estimate on the extent of agroforestry in Europe is critical for the
development of supporting policies. For this reason, a more harmonised and uniform Pan …

In the last decades, there have been large areas of agricultural land that were abandoned in
Europe, producing significant social and environmental impacts. Land abandonment is a …

The study of ecosystem services enables the understanding of the services that ecosystems
provide at the landscape level by explaining the relationship between natural capital …

Abandonment of agricultural land is widespread in many parts of the world, leading to shrub
and tree encroachment. The increase of flammable plant biomass, that is, fuel load …

Research on ecosystem services has become a dominant field within environmental
management, framing the way in which human–nature relationships are understood and …

The production and consumption of animal-source foods must be transformed to mitigate
negative environmental outcomes, including greenhouse gas emissions and land-use …

Afforestation and forest management are considered to be key instruments in mitigating
climate change. Here we show that since 1750, in spite of considerable afforestation, wood …