The long history of life on Earth has unfolded as a cause-and-effect relationship with the
evolving amount of oxygen (O2) in the oceans and atmosphere. Oxygen deficiency …

The rapid increase of carbon dioxide concentration in Earth's modern atmosphere is a
matter of major concern. But for the atmosphere of roughly two-and-half billion years ago …

Theory regarding the causation of mass extinctions is in need of systematization, which is
the focus of this contribution. Every mass extinction has both an ultimate cause, ie the trigger …

The Mesoproterozoic Eon [1,600–1,000 million years ago (Ma)] is emerging as a key interval
in Earth history, with a unique geochemical history that might have influenced the course of …

The nine editions of Stable Isotope Geochemistry have appeared over a time span of nearly
50 years. The first edition (1973) appeared as a slim book of 135 pages. Due to the rapid …

The early diversification of animals (∼ 630 Ma), and their development into both motile and
macroscopic forms (∼ 575–565 Ma), has been linked to stepwise increases in the …

Soil Microbiology, Ecology, and Biochemistry, Fifth Edition addresses the increasingly
important field of soil biota and their interactions in research and education. Soil biota are an …

The oxygen content of the Earth's surface environment is thought to have increased in two
broad steps: the Great Oxygenation Event (GOE) around the Archean–Proterozoic boundary …

Recent studies have identified a range of new applications of trace-metal concentration data
in the analysis of paleoceanographic systems. In restricted anoxic marine systems, trace …

The last 3.85 Gyr of Earth history have been divided into five stages. During stage 1 (3.85–
2.45 Gyr ago (Ga)) the atmosphere was largely or entirely anoxic, as were the oceans, with …