Machine learning (ML) techniques increase the effectiveness of software engineering (SE)
lifecycle activities. We systematically collected, quality-assessed, summarized, and …

Introduction: The precise estimation of software effort is a significant difficulty that project
managers encounter during software development. Inaccurate forecasting leads to either …

Context: Effort estimation is one of the essential phases that must be accurately predicted in
the early stage of software project development. Currently, solving problems that affect the …

Context Publicly available software cost estimation datasets are outdated and may not
represent current industrial environments. Thus most research has concentrated on the …

Software effort estimation is a necessary component of software development projects that
belong to industrial software systems and digital transformation initiatives. Digital …

UML use cases are commonly used in software engineering to specify the functional
requirements of a system since they are an effective tool for interacting with stakeholders …

The prediction level at x (PRED (x)) and mean magnitude of relative error (MMRE) are
measured based on the magnitude of relative error between real and predicted values. They …

Functional size measures are often used as the basis for estimating development effort,
because they are available in the early stages of software development. Several simplified …

In general, estimating software effort using a Use Case Point (UCP) size requires the use of
productivity as a second prediction factor. However, there are three drawbacks to this …

Effort estimation of software testing plays a vital role in the effective completion of testing. In
particular, software test effort estimation in defense projects is not an easy and simple …