This paper develops a unified framework to synthesize the growing stream of positive
research on the role of individual decision makers in sha** observed accounting …

Although experiments are the gold standard for establishing causality, several threats can
undermine the internal validity of experimental findings. In this article, we first discuss these …

The amount of mental effort we invest in a task is influenced by the reward we can expect if
we perform that task well. However, some of the rewards that have the greatest potential for …

Mental effort is an elementary notion in our folk psychology and a familiar fixture in everyday
introspective experience. However, as an object of scientific study, mental effort has …

Research on cognitive control and executive function has long recognized the relevance of
motivational factors. Recently, however, the topic has come increasingly to center stage, with …

Cognitive effort has been implicated in numerous theories regarding normal and aberrant
behavior and the physiological response to engagement with demanding tasks. Yet, despite …

Expectations are a critical factor in determining actions in a great variety of economic
interactions. Hence, being able to measure beliefs is important in many economic …

Cooperation within and across borders is of paramount importance for the provision of
public goods. Parochialism–the tendency to cooperate more with ingroup than outgroup …

We evaluate the impact of a randomized educational intervention on children's intertemporal
choices. The intervention aims to improve the ability to imagine future selves and …

Behavioral and economic theories have long maintained that actions are chosen so as to
minimize demands for exertion or work, a principle sometimes referred to as the law of less …