Cheetahs and beetles run, dolphins and salmon swim, and bees and birds fly with grace
and economy surpassing our technology. Evolution has shaped the breathtaking abilities of …

Despite impressive variation in leg number, length, position and type of skeleton, similarities
of legged, pedestrian locomotion exist in energetics, gait, stride frequency and ground …

A simple spring-mass model consisting of a massless spring attached to a point mass
describes the interdependency of mechanical parameters characterizing running and …

Humans walk and run at a range of speeds. While steady locomotion at a given speed
requires no net mechanical work, moving faster does demand both more positive and …

Despite distinct differences between walking and running, the two types of human
locomotion are likely to be controlled by shared pattern-generating networks. However, the …

Trotting and hop** animals use muscles, tendons and ligaments to store and return elastic
energy as they bounce along the ground. We examine how the musculoskeletal spring …

The dynamic similarity hypothesis postulates that different mammals move in a dynamically
similar fashion whenever they travel at speeds that give them equal values of a …

The energetic costs of different behaviours are critical in modulating the behavioural ecology
of free‐living animals. Despite this, measurement of energy expenditure in the field has …

When humans hop in place or run forward, they adjust leg stiffness to accommodate
changes in stride frequency or surface stiffness. The goal of the present study was to …

In human walking, the center of mass motion is similar to an inverted pendulum. Viewing
double support as a transition from one inverted pendulum to the next, we hypothesized that …