Trial-to-trial variability in the execution of movements and motor skills is ubiquitous and
widely considered to be the unwanted consequence of a noisy nervous system. However …

This manuscript reviews historical and recent studies that focus on supplementary sensory
feedback for use in upper limb prostheses. It shows that the inability of many studies to …

Dopamine cell firing can encode errors in reward prediction, providing a learning signal to
guide future behavior. Yet dopamine is also a key modulator of motivation, invigorating …

Speed-accuracy trade-off is an intensively studied law governing almost all behavioral tasks
across species. Here we show that motivation by reward breaks this law, by simultaneously …

Highlights•Vertebrates are remarkable for their ability to select and execute motor
skill.•Motor skill is defined by flexibility of execution while obtaining reliable outcomes.•Basal …

Decisions occur in dynamic environments. In the framework of reinforcement learning, the
probability of performing an action is influenced by decision variables. Discrepancies …

To understand subjective evaluation of an option, various disciplines have quantified the
interaction between reward and effort during decision making, producing an estimate of …

Motor planning colloquially refers to any process related to the preparation of a movement
that occurs during the reaction time prior to movement onset. However, this broad definition …

Given two rewarding stimuli, animals tend to choose the more rewarding (or less effortful)
option. However, they also move faster toward that stimulus [1–5]. This suggests that reward …

Prominent theories of decision making suggest that the basal ganglia (BG) play a causal
role in deliberation between action choices. An alternative hypothesis is that deliberation …