Cancer is now considered a tumor microenvironment (TME) disease, although it was
originally thought to be a cell and gene expression disorder. Over the past 20 years …

Antagonistic antibodies targeting the inhibitory immune-checkpoint receptor PD-1 or its
ligand PD-L1 are used to treat a wide range of cancer types and can substantially improve …

Traditional cancer treatments use nonspecific drugs and monoclonal antibodies to target
tumor cells. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy, however, leverages the immune …

Abstract The “hotness” or “coldness” of the tumors are determined by the information of the
cancer cells themselves, tumor immune characteristics, tumor microenvironment, and …

PD-1 (Programmed Cell Death Protein-1) and PD-L1 (Programmed Cell Death Ligand-1)
play a crucial role in regulating the immune system and preventing autoimmunity. Cancer …

Ongoing research has revealed that the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is one of the
biggest obstacles in the current cancer therapy. CSCs make an influential function in tumor …

Immunotherapy has led to a paradigm shift in the treatment of cancer. Current cancer
immunotherapies are mostly antibody-based, thus possessing advantages in regard to …

The programmed death-1 receptor (PD-1) acts as a T-cell brake, and its interaction with
ligand-1 (PD-L-1) interferes with signal transduction of the T-cell receptor. This leads to …

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy for cancer has achieved great success both in
clinical results and on the market. At the same time, success drives more attention from …

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most prevalent cancer in the world. The PD-1/PD-L1
pathway plays a crucial role in modulating immune response to cancer, and PD-L1 …