Recent years have seen increased interest in phylogenetic comparative analyses of
multivariate data sets, but to date the varied proposed approaches have not been …

Evolutionary relationships are likely to play a significant role in sha** plant physiological
and structural traits observed in contemporary taxa. We review research on phylogenetic …

Many evolutionary biologists are concerned with the tremendous amount of diversity of
species, and their phenotypes, that we can currently observe in nature, and one of the most …

As a result of the process of descent with modification, closely related species tend to be
similar to one another in a myriad different ways. In statistical terms, this means that traits …

When comparative biologists observe that animal species living in caves also tend to have
reduced eyes, they may see such correlation as evidence that the traits are adaptively or …

Phylogenetic generalised least squares (PGLS) is one of the most commonly employed
phylogenetic comparative methods. The technique, a modification of generalised least …

Many problems in biology require an understanding of the relationships among variables in
a multivariate causal context. Exploring such cause-effect relationships through a series of …

Quantifying integration and modularity of evolutionary changes in morphometric traits is
crucial for understanding how organismal shapes evolve. For this purpose, comparative …

Studies of evolutionary correlations commonly use phylogenetic regression (ie, independent
contrasts and phylogenetic generalized least squares) to assess trait covariation in a …

Morphological integration and modularity have become central concepts in evolutionary
biology and geometric morphometrics. This review summarizes the most frequently used …