There is a principle in science, known as Occam's razor, that says the correct solution is
usually the one with the simplest explanation. The microbiota-gut-brain axis, an …

The basal ganglia (BG) are a collection of interconnected subcortical nuclei that participate
in a great variety of functions, ranging from motor programming and execution to procedural …

The basal ganglia regulate a wide range of behaviors, including motor control and cognitive
functions, and are profoundly affected in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the functional …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is marked by a loss of dopamine neurons, decreased dopamine
transporter (DAT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression. However, this validation …

Compensatory mechanisms that augment dopamine (DA) signaling are thought to mitigate
onset of hypokinesia prior to major loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in striatum that occurs …

The cerebral cortex has long been thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of motor
symptoms of Parkinson's disease. The impaired cortical function is believed to be a direct …

Background Long‐term use of levodopa for Parkinson's disease (PD) treatment is often
hindered by development of motor complications, including levodopa‐induced dyskinesia …

Key points Reciprocally connected GABAergic external globus pallidus (GPe) and
glutamatergic subthalamic nucleus (STN) neurons form a key network within the basal …

The mechanistic influences of dopamine (DA) signaling and impact on motor function are
nearly always interpreted from changes in nigrostriatal neuron terminals in striatum. This is a …

Dopamine (DA) is a critical modulator of brain circuits that control voluntary movements, but
our understanding of its influence on the activity of target neurons in vivo remains limited …