There is increasing evidence in humans and laboratory animals for biologically based sex
differences in every phase of drug addiction: acute reinforcing effects, transition from …

Early adolescent substance use dramatically increases the risk of lifelong substance use
disorder (SUD). An adolescent sensitive period evolved to allow the development of risk …

Adolescence encompasses a sensitive developmental period of enhanced clinical
vulnerability to nicotine, tobacco, and e‐cigarettes. While there are sociocultural influences …

Adolescence is a developmental period when physical and cognitive abilities are optimized,
when social skills are consolidated, and when sexuality, adolescent behaviors, and frontal …

Sex differences have been observed across many psychiatric diseases, especially mood
disorders. For major depression, the most prevalent psychiatric disorder, females show a …

The prevailing view in the field of adolescent brain development is that heightened activity in
the mesolimbic dopaminergic reward system serves as a liability, orienting adolescents …

Adolescence is a developmental period characterized by dramatic changes in cognition, risk-
taking and social behavior. Although gonadal steroid hormones are well-known mediators of …

To successfully negotiate the developmental transition between youth and adulthood,
adolescents must maneuver this often stressful period while acquiring skills necessary for …

Adolescents are notorious for engaging in reward-seeking behaviors, a tendency attributed
to heightened activity in the brain's reward systems during adolescence. It has been …

Research has elucidated causal links between stress exposure and the development of
anxiety disorders, but due to the limited use of female or sex-comparative animal models …