Substantial advances have elucidated some of the central mechanisms underlying the
inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration that occur in multiple sclerosis …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in host defence against invading pathogens,
functioning as primary sensors of microbial products and activating signalling pathways that …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have a crucial role in the early detection of pathogen-associated
molecular patterns and the subsequent activation of the adaptive immune response …

Microglia are key players of the immune response in the central nervous system (CNS) and,
being the resident innate immune cells, they are responsible for the early control of …

Neuronal dysfunction initiates several intracellular signaling cascades to release different
proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as various reactive oxygen species. In …

The Drosophila immune system discriminates between various types of infections and
activates appropriate signal transduction pathways to combat the invading microorganisms …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuro-autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorder leading to
chronic inflammation, demyelination, axonal, and neuronal loss in the central nervous …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize pathogen-associ-ated molecular patterns and are
crucially involved in the regulation of innate immune responses. Despite chronic exposure to …

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern‐recognition receptors expressed on cells of
the innate immune system that allow for the recognition of conserved structural motifs on a …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are critical components of innate immunity and function as rapid
pathogen sensors. TLR4 is expressed on CD4+ T cells as well, the functional significance of …