Discovered more than 30 years ago, the angiotensin AT 2 receptor (AT 2 R) has evolved
from a binding site with unknown function to a firmly established major effector within the …

Over the years, coronaviruses (CoV) have posed a severe public health threat, causing an
increase in mortality and morbidity rates throughout the world. The recent outbreak of a …

Mid-life hypertension and cerebrovascular dysfunction are associated with increased risk of
later life dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). The classical renin–angiotensin …

Summary Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents a systemic disease that may
cause severe metabolic complications in multiple tissues including liver, kidney, and …

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is well-known for its role in blood pressure regulation
via the renin–angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) but also functions in fertility, immunity …

Background: Microalbuminuria in diabetes is strongly predictive of nephropathy, end-stage
renal disease, and premature cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Effective preventive …

The renin angiotensin system (RAS) regulates fluid balance, blood pressure and maintains
vascular tone. The potent vasoconstrictor angiotensin II (Ang II) produced by angiotensin …

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and its homologue, ACE2, have been mostly
associated with hypertensive disorder. However, recent pandemia of SARS-CoV-2 has put …

The two axes of the renin–angiotensin system include the classical ACE/Ang II/AT1 axis and
the counter-regulatory ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas1 axis. ACE2 is a multifunctional …

Besides assisting the maintenance of blood pressure and sodium homeostasis, the renin-
angiotensin system (RAS) plays a pivotal role in pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI) …