Chitosan in both native and degraded form (oligosaccharides) acts as a growth promoter
and generate responses associated with both primary and secondary metabolism in plants …

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the interconversion of
CO 2 and HCO 3− and are ubiquitous in nature. Higher plants contain three evolutionarily …

C4 photosynthesis drives productivity in several major food crops and bioenergy grasses,
including maize (Zea mays), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), sorghum (Sorghum …

Abstract Background Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to play crucially
regulatory roles in diverse biological processes involving complex mechanisms. However …

Highlights•Photosynthetic capacity must be increased to improve yield potential in C 4
crops.•C 4 photosynthesis concentrates CO 2 with complex anatomy and biochemistry.• …

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is an abundant protein in most photosynthesizing organisms and
higher plants. This review paper considers the physiological importance of the more …

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a mode of photosynthesis that evolved in response
to decreasing CO2 levels in the atmosphere some 20 million years ago. An elevated ratio of …

Although improving photosynthetic efficiency is widely recognized as an underutilized
strategy to increase crop yields, research in this area is strongly biased towards species with …

C4 photosynthesis evolved multiple times independently from ancestral C3 photosynthesis
in a broad range of flowering land plant families and in both monocots and dicots. The …

Mesophyll conductance significantly, and variably, limits photosynthesis but we currently
have no reliable method of measurement for C4 plants. An online oxygen isotope technique …