Simple Summary Matrix stiffness is recognized as a critical factor in cancer progression.
Recent studies have shown that matrix stiffening is caused by the accumulation, contraction …

Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is an immune checkpoint inhibitor that binds to its
receptor PD-1 expressed by T cells and other immune cells to regulate immune responses; …

Background: Tumorigenesis is attributed to the interactions of cancer cells with the tumor
microenvironment through both biochemical cues and physical stimuli. Increased matrix …

Breast cancer was traditionally not considered a particularly immunogenic tumor. However,
recent developments have shown that some aggressive triple-negative breast cancers are …

The development of cancer immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint blockade
therapy, has made major breakthroughs in the therapy of cancers. However, less than one …

Organ-on-a-chip is a microfluidic cell culture model that replicates key organ-specific
microarchitecture and pathophysiology in vitro. The current methods to fabricate these …

Targeting the tumour immune microenvironment (TIME) by cancer immunotherapy has led to
improved patient outcomes. However, response to these treatments is heterogeneous and …

The analysis of secreted protein biomarkers can be a useful non-invasive method of
predicting or monitoring cancer therapeutic response. The increased level of soluble …

Background Galectin-9 is a member of the family of lectin proteins and crucially regulates
human immune responses, particularly because of its ability to suppress the anticancer …

The clinical benefits of immunotherapy are proven in many cancers, but a significant number
of patients do not respond well to immunotherapy. The tumor physical microenvironment …