Ocean acidification is a global, long-term problem whose ultimate solution requires carbon
dioxide reduction at a scope and scale that will take decades to accomplish successfully …

Although cross generation (CGP) and multigenerational (MGP) plasticity have been
identified as mechanisms of acclimation to global change, the weight of evidence indicates …

The Paris Agreement target of limiting global surface warming to 1.5–2° C compared to pre-
industrial levels by 2100 will still heavily impact the ocean. While ambitious mitigation and …

Increased nutrient loading into estuaries causes the accumulation of algal biomass, and
microbial degradation of this organic matter decreases oxygen levels and contributes …

Ocean ecosystems have responded and will continue to respond to climate changes of
different rates, magnitudes, and durations (virtually certain). Human societies depend on …

Ocean acidification results in co-varying inorganic carbon system variables. Of these, an
explicit focus on pH and organismal acid–base regulation has failed to distinguish the …

The ocean is critically important to our global economy. Collectively, it is estimated that
ocean-based industries and activities contribute hundreds of millions of jobs and …

In 2007, the US west coast shellfish industry began to feel the effects of unprecedented
levels of larval mortality in commercial hatcheries producing the Pacific oyster Crassostrea …

Multiple natural and anthropogenic processes alter the carbonate chemistry of the coastal
zone in ways that either exacerbate or mitigate ocean acidification effects. Freshwater inputs …

Global climate change has intensified the need to assess the capacity for natural
populations to adapt to abrupt shifts in the environment. Reductions in seawater pH …