The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex system characterized by low oxygen, low
pH, high pressure, and numerous growth factors and protein hydrolases that regulate a wide …

Gas therapy has emerged as a promising approach for treating cancer, with gases like NO,
H2S, and CO showing positive effects. Among these, NO is considered a key gas molecule …

Chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies have achieved great success in eradicating some
liquid tumors, whereas the preclinical results in treating solid tumors have proven less …

Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy against tumors. However, its efficacy
is limited by low immunogenicity, poor antigen presentation, and inadequate lymphocyte …

Photothermal therapy (PTT) shows promise in cancer treatments due to its good
spatiotemporal selectivity and minimal invasiveness. However, PTT has some problems …

Gas therapy has gained noteworthy attention in biomedical research, with the rise of gas-
releasing molecules enhancing their therapeutic potential, especially when integrated into …

Activating the stimulator of the interferon gene (STING) is a promising immunotherapeutic
strategy for converting “cold” tumor microenvironment into “hot” one to achieve better …

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive and controllable local cancer treatment
for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). However, the efficacy of PDT is hindered by intratumoral …

Combinatorial immuno‐cancer therapy is recognized as a promising approach for efficiently
treating malignant tumors. Yet, the development of multifunctional nanomedicine capable of …

This review focuses on the versatile applications of near-infrared (NIR)-responsive smart
carriers in biomedical applications, particularly drug delivery and photothermal …