G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are seven transmembrane proteins that form the
largest single family of integral membrane receptors. GPCRs transduce information provided …

β-arrestins are versatile adapter proteins that form complexes with most G-protein-coupled
receptors (GPCRs) following agonist binding and phosphorylation of receptors by G-protein …

The Ras-dependent activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways by many
receptors coupled to heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G proteins) …

Morphine is a powerful pain reliever, but also a potent inducer of tolerance and
dependence. The development of opiate tolerance occurs on continued use of the drug such …

Visual arrestin, βarrestin1, and βarrestin2 comprise a family of intracellular proteins that
desensitize G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). In addition, βarrestin1 and βarrestin2 …

Physiological effects of β adrenergic receptor (β2AR) stimulation have been classically
shown to result from G s-dependent adenylyl cyclase activation. Here we demonstrate a …

βarrestins mediate the desensitization of the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) and many other
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Additionally, βarrestins initiate the endocytosis of …

Of the many forms of GPCR1 regulation none has received as much attention as the process
of receptor desensitization, ie the waning responsiveness of the receptors in the face of …

Resensitization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) following agonist-mediated
desensitization is a necessary step for maintaining physiological responsiveness. However …

Wnt/β-catenin signaling is a branch of a functional network that dates back to the first
metazoans and it is involved in a broad range of biological systems including stem cells …