Influenza viruses, including four major types (A, B, C, and D), can cause mild-to-severe and
lethal diseases in humans and animals. Influenza viruses evolve rapidly through antigenic …

Influenza A virus (IAV), a highly infectious respiratory pathogen, has continued to be a
significant threat to global public health. To complete their life cycle, influenza viruses have …

H3N8 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in China caused two confirmed human infections in
2022, followed by a fatal case reported in 2023. H3N8 viruses are widespread in chicken …

Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, is a current global public health concern. The
flavivirus envelope (E) glycoprotein is responsible for virus entry and represents a major …

Virus–receptor interactions play a key regulatory role in viral host range, tissue tropism, and
viral pathogenesis. Viruses utilize elegant strategies to attach to one or multiple receptors …

Influenza viruses need to use sialic acid receptors to invade host cells, and the α-2, 3 and α-
2, 6 sialic acids glycosidic bonds linking the terminal sialic acids are generally considered to …

The recent emergence of a novel avian A/H 7 N 9 influenza virus in poultry and humans in C
hina, as well as laboratory studies on adaptation and transmission of avian A/H 5 N 1 …

Shorebirds and waterfowls are believed to be the reservoir hosts for influenza viruses,
whereas swine putatively act as mixing vessels. The recent identification of two influenza …

The recent emergence of the H7N9 avian influenza A virus and its ability to infect humans
emphasize the epidemic and pandemic potential of these viruses. Interspecies transmission …

Summary Filoviruses, including Ebola and Marburg, cause fatal hemorrhagic fever in
humans and primates. Understanding how these viruses enter host cells could help to …