This article is based on a consensus conference, which took place in Certosa di Pontignano,
Siena (Italy) on March 7–9, 2008, intended to update the previous safety guidelines for the …

A group of European experts was commissioned to establish guidelines on the therapeutic
use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) from evidence published up until …

These guidelines provide an up-date of previous IFCN report on “Non-invasive electrical
and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord and roots: basic principles and procedures …

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is not only important in executive functions, but also pain
processing. The latter is dependent on its connections to other areas of the cerebral …

Pain is a multidimensional experience with sensory-discriminative, affective-motivational,
and cognitive-evaluative components. Pain aversiveness is one principal cause of suffering …

Chronic migraine has a great detrimental influence on a patient's life, with a severe impact
on socioeconomic functioning and quality of life. Chronic migraine affects 1–2% of the …

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is a functionally and structurally heterogeneous
region and a key node of several brain networks, implicated in cognitive, affective, and …

Chronic pain is associated with reduced brain gray matter and impaired cognitive ability. In
this longitudinal study, we assessed whether neuroanatomical and functional abnormalities …

Recently, clinicians have been using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for
treating various pain conditions. This systematic narrative review aimed to examine the use …

Background Several neuromodulation methods exists for migraine treatment. The aim of the
present study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized …