Snake venoms are complex mixtures of small molecules and peptides/proteins, and most of
them display certain kinds of bioactivities. They include neurotoxic, cytotoxic, cardiotoxic …

A crucial step in any ethological study is to distinguish and classify the observed behavior
into categories. The literature on anuran antipredator mechanisms is largely scattered and …

Frogs (Anura) are one of the most diverse vertebrate orders, comprising more than 7,000
species with a worldwide distribution and extensive ecological diversity. In contrast to other …

Much of the research on venoms has understandably focused on clinical implications of
human envenomation and detailed molecular studies of toxins. However, as with any …

Predatory innovations impose reciprocal selection pressures upon prey. The evolution of
snake venom alpha-neurotoxins has triggered the corresponding evolution of resistance in …

Abstract The South American and West Indian Casque‐headed Treefrogs (Hylidae: Hylinae:
Lophyohylini) include 85 species. These are notably diverse in morphology (eg disparate …

Research on venomous animals has mainly focused on the molecular, biochemical, and
pharmacological aspects of venom toxins. However, it is the relatively neglected broader …

Venom and its associated delivery systems have evolved in numerous animal groups
ranging from jellyfishes to spiders, lizards, shrews, and the male platypus. Building off new …

Complex phenotypes typically have a correspondingly multifaceted genetic component.
However, the genotype–phenotype association between chemical defense and resistance is …

Animals use venoms for multiple purposes, most prominently for prey acquisition and self-
defense. In snakes, venom composition often evolves as a result of selection for optimization …