Our incomplete understanding of the causes and pathways involved in the onset and
progression of multiple sclerosis (MS) limits our ability to effectively treat this complex …

Current therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS) reduce both relapses and relapse-associated
worsening of disability, which is assumed to be mainly associated with transient infiltration of …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions that do not resolve in the months after they form harbour
ongoing demyelination and axon degeneration, and are identifiable in vivo by their …

While many drugs are effective at reducing the relapse frequency of multiple sclerosis (MS),
there is an unmet need for treatments that slow neurodegeneration resulting from secondary …

In neurological diseases, the actions of microglia, the resident myeloid cells of the CNS
parenchyma, may diverge from, or intersect with, those of recruited monocytes to drive …

The neuroimmune system is involved in development, normal functioning, aging, and injury
of the central nervous system. Microglia, first described a century ago, are the main …

INTRODUCTION Glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS), including astrocytes and
microglia, play critical roles in development, tissue repair, and homeostasis. However …

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the CNS. Astrocytes contribute to the
pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, but little is known about the heterogeneity of astrocytes …

Oligodendrocytes generate multiple layers of myelin membrane around axons of the central
nervous system to enable fast and efficient nerve conduction. Until recently, saltatory nerve …

In the majority of patients multiple sclerosis starts with a relapsing remitting course (RRMS),
which may at later times transform into secondary progressive disease (SPMS). In a minority …