In the era of the Internet of Things (IoT), an enormous amount of sensing devices collect
and/or generate various sensory data over time for a wide range of fields and applications …

This paper introduces a review article on indoor localization techniques and technologies.
The paper starts with current localization systems and summarizes comparisons between …

Continuous growth in software, hardware and internet technology has enabled the growth of
internet-based sensor tools that provide physical world observations and data …

Where am I? This is one of the most critical questions that any intelligent system should
answer to decide whether it navigates to a previously visited area. This problem has long …

Robust and accurate indoor localization has been the goal of several research efforts over
the past decade. Due to the ubiquitous availability of WiFi indoors, many indoor localization …

Demands for indoor positioning based services (IPS) in commercial and military fields have
spurred many positioning systems and techniques. Complex electromagnetic environments …

Smart device industry allows developers and designers to embed different sensors,
processors, and memories in small‐size electronic devices. Sensors are added to enhance …

Outdoor positioning systems based on the Global Navigation Satellite System have several
shortcomings that have deemed their use for indoor positioning impractical. Location …

Great attention has been paid to indoor localization due to its wide range of associated
applications and services. Fingerprinting and time-based localization techniques are among …

Smartphone-based indoor navigation services are desperately needed in indoor
environments. However, the adoption of them has been relatively slow, due to the lack of …