The risk and severity of specific infections are increased during pregnancy due to a
combination of physiological and immunological changes. Characterizing the maternal …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease triggered by environmental factors that act
on a genetically susceptible host. It features three clinical stages: a pre-clinical stage …

These guidelines are a consensus work of a considerable number of members of the
immunology and flow cytometry community. They provide the theory and key practical …

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a heterogeneous, complex organization composed of
tumor, stroma, and endothelial cells that is characterized by cross talk between tumor and …

Regulatory B (Breg) cells are immunosuppressive cells that support immunological
tolerance. Through the production of interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-35, and transforming growth …

Vitamin A (VitA) is a micronutrient that is crucial for maintaining vision, promoting growth and
development, and protecting epithelium and mucus integrity in the body. VitA is known as an …

The increasingly recognized role of different types of B cells and plasma cells in protective
and pathogenic immune responses combined with technological advances have generated …

Regulatory B cells (Bregs) is a term that encompasses all B cells that act to suppress
immune responses. Bregs contribute to the maintenance of tolerance, limiting ongoing …

B cells are regarded for their capacity to produce antibody. However, recent advances in B
cell biology have capitalized on old findings and demonstrated that B cells also release a …

Characterizing the compositional and phenotypic characteristics of tumor-infiltrating B cells
(TIBs) is important for advancing our understanding of their role in cancer development …