Abstract Disruption of Akt and Erk-mediated signal transduction significantly contributes in
the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Parkinson's …

The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), as members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase
(MAPK) family, mediate eukaryotic cell responses to a wide range of abiotic and biotic stress …

Neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction are common features of chronic
neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system. Both conditions can lead to …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) play important roles in
regulation of cell survival. In general, moderate levels of ROS/RNS may function as signals …

Among the myriad of intracellular signaling networks that govern the cardiac development
and pathogenesis, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are prominent players that …

JNK pathway regulates various physiological processes including inflammatory responses,
cell differentiation, cell proliferation, cell death, cell survival and expression of proteins …

The human body is highly complex and comprises a variety of living cells and extracellular
material, which forms tissues, organs, and organ systems. Human cells tend to turn over …

Luteolin, a flavonoid found in high concentrations in celery and green pepper, has been
shown to reduce production of proinflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated macrophages …

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have found numerous applications in biology and
medicine since the first synthetic cell-permeable sequence was identified two decades ago …

Parkinson's disease (PD), the most frequent movement disorder, is caused by the
progressive loss of the dopamine neurons within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) …