Our incomplete understanding of the causes and pathways involved in the onset and
progression of multiple sclerosis (MS) limits our ability to effectively treat this complex …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease triggered by environmental factors that act
on a genetically susceptible host. It features three clinical stages: a pre-clinical stage …

Astrocytes are glial cells that are abundant in the central nervous system (CNS) and that
have important homeostatic and disease-promoting functions. However, little is known about …

One of the biggest challenges in managing multiple sclerosis is the heterogeneity of clinical
manifestations and progression trajectories. It still remains to be elucidated whether this …

Natural killer (NK) cells, the large granular lymphocytes differentiated from the common
lymphoid progenitors, were discovered in early 1970's. They are members of innate …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) has long been considered a CD4 T-cell disease, primarily because
of the findings that the strongest genetic risk for MS is the major histocompatibility complex …

When facing an acute viral infection, our immune systems need to function with finite
precision to enable the elimination of the pathogen, whilst protecting our bodies from …

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an effective treatment option for relapsing–remitting multiple
sclerosis (MS), but its therapeutic mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated. A …

First described 40 years ago, natural killer (NK) cells represent the founding members of the
innate lymphoid cell (ILC) family. They were initially defined by their ability to kill cancer cells …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease that targets the myelin sheath of
central nervous system (CNS) neurons leading to axon injury, neuronal death, and …