Glutamine is the most abundant and versatile amino acid in the body. In health and disease,
the rate of glutamine consumption by immune cells is similar or greater than glucose. For …

An abundant supply of amino acids is important for cancers to sustain their proliferative
drive. Alongside their direct role as substrates for protein synthesis, they can have roles in …

Sepsis occurs when an infection exceeds local tissue containment and induces a series of
dysregulated physiologic responses that result in organ dysfunction. A subset of patients …

Cells have a constant turnover of proteins that recycle most amino acids over time. Net loss
is mainly due to amino acid oxidation. Homeostasis is achieved through exchange of …

Activated T cells produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which trigger the antioxidative
glutathione (GSH) response necessary to buffer rising ROS and prevent cellular damage …

Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) are global pandemics. Worldwide, the
prevalence of obesity has nearly tripled since 1975 and the prevalence of T2D has almost …

Nucleotides are required for a wide variety of biological processes and are constantly
synthesized de novo in all cells. When cells proliferate, increased nucleotide synthesis is …

Macropinocytosis is a highly conserved endocytic process by which extracellular fluid and its
contents are internalized into cells through large, heterogeneous vesicles known as …

The immune system defends against pathogens and maintains tissue homeostasis for the
life of the organism. These diverse functions are bioenergetically expensive, requiring …

Cancer cells display an altered metabolic circuitry that is directly regulated by oncogenic
mutations and loss of tumor suppressors. Mounting evidence indicates that altered …