Abstract The Van Allen Probes Electric Fields and Waves (EFW) instrument provided
measurements of electric fields and spacecraft floating potentials over a wide dynamic range …

This open access book serves as textbook on the physics of the radiation belts surrounding
the Earth. Discovered in 1958 the famous Van Allen Radiation belts were among the first …

Deep penetration of energetic electrons (10s–100s of keV) to low L‐shells (L< 4), as an
important source of inner belt electrons, is commonly observed during geomagnetically …

Deep penetration of outer radiation belt electrons to low L (< 3.5) has long been recognized
as an energy‐dependent phenomenon but with limited understanding. The Van Allen …

The electric fields of subauroral polarization streams (SAPS) have been suggested to affect
energetic charged particles' dynamics in the inner magnetosphere, though their role on …

The dynamics of the outer radiation belt are traditionally associated with wave‐particle
resonant interactions, which provide local electron acceleration and losses through very low …

During active geomagnetic periods both electrons and protons in the outer radiation belt
have been frequently observed to penetrate to low L (< 4). Previous studies have …

Earth's slot region, lying between the outer and inner radiation belts, has been identified as
due to a balance between inward radial diffusion and pitch angle (PA) scattering induced by …

Energetic electron flux enhancements for 100s keV energies are often observed at low L
shells (L< 4) in the inner magnetosphere during geomagnetic storms. However, protons with …

Using measurements from the Van Allen Probes, a penetration event of tens to hundreds of
keV electrons and tens of keV protons into the low L shells (L< 4) is studied. Timing and …