The paper presents a review on major contributions in infrared thermography to study the
built environment at multiple scales. To elaborate the review, hundreds of studies conducted …

The Earth surface thermal infrared (TIR) radiation shows conspicuously an anisotropic
behavior just like the bi-directional reflectance of visible and near infrared spectral domains …

Abstract The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect is one of the most harmful environmental
hazards for urban dwellers. Climate change is expected to increase the intensity of the UHI …

Urban trees influence temperatures in cities. However, their effectiveness at mitigating urban
heat in different climatic contexts and in comparison to treeless urban green spaces has not …

Urban heat islands (UHIs) exacerbate the risk of heat-related mortality associated with
global climate change. The intensity of UHIs varies with population size and mean annual …

Heat stress is the leading climate-related cause of premature deaths in Europe. Major
heatwaves have struck Europe recently and are expected to increase in magnitude and …

In this paper, we review the use of satellite-based remote sensing in combination with in situ
data to inform Earth surface modelling. This involves verification and optimization methods …

The impacts of global change, including extreme heat and water scarcity, are threatening an
ever-growing urban world population. Evapotranspiration (ET) mitigates the urban heat …

As climate change progresses, urban areas are increasingly affected by water scarcity and
the urban heat island effect. Evapotranspiration (ET) is a crucial component of urban …

Urban surface albedo is an essential biophysical variable in the surface energy balance
across all scales, from micro-scale (materials) to the globe, changing with land covers and …