The intricate and complex features of enzymatic reaction networks (ERNs) play a key role in
the emergence and sustenance of life. Constructing such networks in vitro enables stepwise …

Cells are integral to all forms of life due to their compartmentalization by the plasma
membrane. However, living organisms are immensely complex. Thus there is a need for …

Polymersomes are vesicular nanostructures enclosed by a bilayer-membrane self-
assembled from amphiphilic block copolymers, which exhibit higher stability compared with …

Nature employs sophisticated mechanisms to precisely regulate self-assembly and functions
within biological systems, exemplified by the formation of cytoskeletal filaments. Various …

A cancer vaccine is an important form of immunotherapy. Given their effectiveness for
antigen processing and presentation, dendritic cells (DCs) have been exploited in the …

The design and construction of synthetic therapeutic protocells capable of establishing
cognate chemical communication channels with living cells is an important challenge for …

Conspectus In biology, the function of many molecules is regulated through nonequilibrium
chemical reaction cycles. The prototypical example is the phosphorylation of an amino acid …

The bottom‐up construction of a synthetic cell from nonliving building blocks capable of
mimicking cellular properties and behaviors helps to understand the particular biophysical …

The circadian rhythm generates out-of-equilibrium metabolite oscillations that are controlled
by feedback loops under light/dark cycles. Here we describe a non-equilibrium nanosystem …

Despite the astonishing diversity and complexity of living systems, they all share five
common hallmarks: compartmentalization, growth and division, information processing …