Infrared difference spectroscopy probes vibrational changes of proteins upon their
perturbation. Compared with other spectroscopic methods, it stands out by its sensitivity to …

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▪ Abstract Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy, solid-state NMR, and X-ray
crystallography have contributed detailed information about the structural changes in the …

Proteorhodopsin, a homologue of archaeal bacteriorhodopsin (BR), belongs to a newly
identified family of retinal proteins from marine bacteria, which could play an important role …

The promise of new architectures and more cost-effective miniaturization has prompted
interest in molecular and biomolecular electronics. Bioelectronics offers valuable near-term …

The steps in the mechanism of proton transport in bacteriorhodopsin include examples for
most kinds of proton transfer reactions that might occur in a transmembrane pump: proton …

The spectral and photochemical properties of proteorhodopsin (PR) were determined to
compare its proton transport steps to those of bacteriorhodopsin (BR). Static and time …

The new and vibrant field of optogenetics was founded by the seminal discovery of
channelrhodopsin, the first light-gated cation channel. Despite the numerous applications …

Light-induced changes of the proton affinities of amino acid side groups are the driving force
for proton translocation in bacteriorhodopsin. Recent progress in obtaining structures of …

Protein-bound internal water molecules are essential features of the structure and function of
microbial rhodopsins. Besides structural stabilization, they act as proton conductors and …