The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), with its members JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3, is a
subfamily of (MAPK) mitogen-activated protein kinases. JNK signaling regulates a wide …

Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), the only known substrate of
MEK1/2, is located downstream of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK (MAPK) pathway and is …

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), particularly CDK4 and CDK2, are crucial for cell cycle
progression from the Gap 1 (G1) to the Synthesis (S) phase by phosphorylating targets such …

The quest for targeted therapies is critical in the battle against cancer. The RAS/MAP kinase
pathway is frequently implicated in neoplasia, with ERK playing a crucial role as the most …

For mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) a shallow surface—distinct from the
substrate binding pocket—called the D (ocking)-groove governs partner protein binding …

SMADs are the canonical intracellular effector proteins of the TGF-β (transforming growth
factor-β). SMADs translocate from plasma membrane receptors to the nucleus regulated by …

The RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling cascade is abnormally activated in various tumors,
playing a crucial role in mediating tumor progression. As the key component at the terminal …

Src kinase activity controls diverse cellular functions, including cell growth, migration,
adhesion, and survival. It is de-regulated in several cancers, including breast cancer, where …

Protein kinases are key regulators of cell signaling and have been important therapeutic
targets for three decades. ATP-competitive drugs directly inhibit the activity of kinases but …

The MHC class I–related molecule MR1 is ubiquitously expressed, is highly conserved
among mammals, and presents bacterial and endogenous antigens in tumor cells. These …