Emotions arise from activations of specialized neuronal populations in several parts of the
cerebral cortex, notably the anterior cingulate, insula, ventromedial prefrontal, and …

BACKGROUND The idea that memory is stored as enduring changes in the brain dates
back at least to the time of Plato and Aristotle (circa 350 BCE), but its scientific articulation …

The many facets of the oxytocin (OXT) system of the brain and periphery elicited nearly
25,000 publications since 1930 (see, as listed in PubMed), which revealed central roles for …

This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a
behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning …

Decades of research has identified the brain areas that are involved in fear, fear extinction,
anxiety and related defensive behaviours. Newly developed genetic and viral tools …

Fear memory is the best-studied form of memory. It was thoroughly investigated in the past
60 years mostly using two classical conditioning procedures (contextual fear conditioning …

The neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) has been revealed as a profound anxiolytic and antistress
factor of the brain, besides its many prosocial and reproductive effects. Therefore, there is …

Chronic pain states are highly prevalent and yet poorly controlled by currently available
analgesics, representing an enormous clinical, societal, and economic burden. Existing pain …

Adaptive behaviour necessitates the formation of memories for fearful events, but also that
these memories can be extinguished. Effective extinction prevents excessive and persistent …

Stress has a critical role in the development and expression of many psychiatric disorders,
and is a defining feature of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Stress also limits the …