Therapeutics against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are urgently needed.
Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a myelopoietic growth factor …

Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has many more functions
than its original in vitro identification as an inducer of granulocyte and macrophage …

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common disease entity in critical care
medicine and is still associated with a high mortality. Because of the heterogeneous …

Although they were originally defined as haematopoietic-cell growth factors, colony-
stimulating factors (CSFs) have been shown to have additional functions by acting directly …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The
etiology of MS is not well understood, but it is believed that myelin-specific CD4+ T cells play …

The cytokine, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), was firstly
identified as being able to induce in vitro the proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow …

The colony stimulating factors (CSFs), granulocyte macrophage-CSF (GM-CSF),
macrophage-CSF (M-CSF or CSF-1) and granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF) were first identified as in …

Innate immune cells, particularly macrophages and epithelial cells, play a key role in
multiple layers of immune responses. Alarmins and pro-inflammatory cytokines from the IL …

Cytokines play an important part in many pathobiological processes of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD), including the chronic inflammatory process, emphysema, and …

Already 20 years have passed since the cloning of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-
stimulating factor (GM-CSF) receptor α-chain, the first member of the GM-CSF/interleukin (IL) …