Subglacial lakes are repositories of ancient climate conditions, provide habitats for life and
modulate ice flow, basal hydrology, biogeochemical fluxes and geomorphic activity. In this …

Even if anthropogenic warming were constrained to less than 2° C above pre-industrial, the
Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets will continue to lose mass this century, with rates similar …

As the Arctic continues to warm faster than the rest of the planet, evidence mounts that the
region is experiencing unprecedented environmental change. The hydrological cycle is …

Abstract The Antarctic Ice Sheet is an important indicator of climate change and driver of sea-
level rise. Here we combine satellite observations of its changing volume, flow and …

Abstract The Greenland Ice Sheet has been a major contributor to global sea-level rise in
recent decades,, and it is expected to continue to be so. Although increases in glacier flow …

This chapter considers changes in global mean sea level, regional sea level, sea level
extremes, and waves. Confidence in projections of global mean sea level rise has increased …

Coastal flood damage and adaptation costs under 21st century sea-level rise are assessed
on a global scale taking into account a wide range of uncertainties in continental topography …

This chapter assesses the causes of observed changes assessed in Chapters 2 to 5 and
uses understanding of physical processes, climate models and statistical approaches. The …

Robust appraisals of climate impacts at different levels of global-mean temperature increase
are vital to guide assessments of dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate …

Government policies currently commit us to surface warming of three to four degrees Celsius
above pre-industrial levels by 2100, which will lead to enhanced ice-sheet melt. Ice-sheet …