Introduction In bone tissue, bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by
osteoblasts are repeated continuously. Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that derive from …

Wnt, a secreted glycoprotein, has an approximate molecular weight of 40 kDa, and it is a
cytokine involved in various biological phenomena including ontogeny, morphogenesis …

Irisin is secreted by muscle, increases with exercise, and mediates certain favorable effects
of physical activity. In particular, irisin has been shown to have beneficial effects in adipose …

Bone is a dynamic organ maintained by tightly regulated mechanisms. With old age, bone
homeostasis, which is maintained by an intricate balance between bone formation and bone …

WNT–β-catenin signalling is involved in a multitude of developmental processes and the
maintenance of adult tissue homeostasis by regulating cell proliferation, differentiation …

Background Sclerostin is an osteocyte-derived inhibitor of osteoblast activity. The
monoclonal antibody romosozumab binds to sclerostin and increases bone formation …

Low bone mass and strength lead to fragility fractures, for example, in elderly individuals
affected by osteoporosis or children with osteogenesis imperfecta. A decade ago, rare …

In the beginning, that is from the 1960's, when a link between menopause and osteoporosis
was first identified; estrogen treatment was the standard for preventing bone loss, however …

Highlights•Parathyroid hormone has dual anabolic and catabolic actions on the
skeleton.•The OPG–RANKL–RANK pathway is the main mediator of the catabolic actions of …

Osteoporosis is a common disease characterised by a systemic impairment of bone mass
and microarchitecture that results in fragility fractures. With an ageing population, the …