Obesity is one of the major health burdens of the 21st century as it contributes to the growing
prevalence of its related comorbidities, including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes …

The proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily,
is one of the most extensively studied ligand-inducible transcription factors. Since its …

Diabetes is a complex metabolic disorder affecting the glucose status of the human body.
Chronic hyperglycaemia related to diabetes is associated with end organ failure. The clinical …

Sentrin/small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is protein modification pathway that regulates
multiple biological processes, including cell division, DNA replication/repair, signal …

Bile acids are a large family of atypical steroids which exert their functions by binding to a
family of ubiquitous cell membrane and nuclear receptors. There are two main bile acid …

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family includes three transcription
factors: PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ. PPAR are nuclear receptors activated by oxidised …

The injured spinal cord does not heal properly. In contrast, tissue repair and functional
recovery occur after skin or muscle injuries. The reason for this dichotomy in wound repair is …

Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are potent insulin sensitizers that act through the nuclear
receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and are highly effective oral …

Abstract Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of celiac disease
(CeD) by deamidating dietary gluten peptides, which facilitates antigenic presentation and a …

Chronic overnutrition and obesity induces low-grade inflammation throughout the body.
Termed “meta-inflammation,” this chronic state of inflammation is mediated by macrophages …