We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

For the current generation of earth system models participating in the Coupled Model
Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), the range of equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS …

This study presents the global climate model IPSL‐CM6A‐LR developed at Institut Pierre‐
Simon Laplace (IPSL) to study natural climate variability and climate response to natural and …

Equilibrium climate sensitivity, the global surface temperature response to CO doubling, has
been persistently uncertain. Recent consensus places it likely within 1.5–4.5 K. Global …

We document the development of the first version of the UK Earth System Model UKESM1.
The model represents a major advance on its predecessor HadGEM2‐ES, with …

Working Group I (WGI) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assesses
the current evidence on the physical science of climate change, evaluating knowledge …

In the atmosphere, microphysics refers to the microscale processes that affect cloud and
precipitation particles and is a key linkage among the various components of Earth's …

Many recently updated climate models show greater future warming than previously.
Separate lines of evidence suggest that their warming rates may be unrealistically high, but …

Shallow clouds covering vast areas of the world's middle-and high-latitude oceans play a
key role in dampening the global temperature rise associated with CO 2. These clouds …

The Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) to a doubling of atmospheric CO 2, along
with the transient climate response (TCR) and greenhouse gas emissions pathways …