Effort invested in the development of new drugs often fails to be translated into meaningful
clinical benefits for patients with cancer. The development of more effective anticancer …

Multicellular spheroids and organoids are promising in vitro 3D models in personalized
medicine and drug screening. They replicate the structural and functional characteristics of …

The tumor microenvironment is highly complex owing to its heterogeneous composition and
dynamic nature. This makes tumors difficult to replicate using traditional 2D cell culture …

Highlights•Existing models for drug discovery and development against glioblastoma
multiforme (GBM) have limitations.•We review advances in 3D systems that promise more …

The bone marrow (BM) is the primary site of adult haematopoiesis, where stromal elements
(eg fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells [MSCs]) work in concert to support blood cell …

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are established as distinct cancer biomarkers for diagnosis,
as preclinical models, and therapeutic targets. Their use as preclinical models is limited …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses a set of chronic inflammatory conditions,
namely Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Despite all advances in the management of …

Simple Summary Macrophages, specifically tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), play a
vital role in inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) progression, including cell growth …

Deciphering breast cancer treatment resistance remains hindered by the lack of models that
can successfully capture the four-dimensional dynamics of the tumor microenvironment …

Augmenting adaptive immunity is a critical goal for develo** next-generation cancer
therapies. T and B cells infiltrating the tumor dramatically influence cancer progression …