During oil and natural gas production, so‐called “produced water” comprises the largest
byproduct stream. In addition, many oil and gas operations are augmented via injection of …

Technological advances in hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling have led to the
exploration and exploitation of shale oil and gas both nationally and internationally …

A growing area of research has addressed public perception of unconventional oil and
natural gas development via hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”). We extend this research by …

Over the past two decades, the use of camera traps and acoustic monitoring in the
investigation of animal ecology have grown rapidly, with each technique enhancing broad …

Extraction of oil and gas from unconventional sources, such as shale, has dramatically
increased over the past ten years, raising the potential for spills or releases of chemicals …

Oil development in the Bakken shale region has increased rapidly as a result of new
technologies and strong demand for fossil fuel. This region also supports a particularly high …

Background Hydraulic fracturing technologies, developed over the last 65 years, have only
recently been combined with horizontal drilling to unlock oil and gas reserves previously …

Shale gas is currently being explored in Europe as an alternative energy source to
conventional oil and gas. There is, however, increasing concern about the potential …

The challenge of balancing biodiversity protection with economic growth is epitomized by
the development of renewable and unconventional energy, whose adoption is aimed at …

Energy is an integral part of society. The major US energy sources of fossil fuels (coal, oil,
natural gas); biofuels (ethanol); and wind are concentrated in grassland ecosystems of the …